28 See Renard , Ronald D. , ‘ This new role of the Karens in Thai area in early Bangkok several months, 1782–1873 ‘, Benefits so you’re able to Far-eastern Education , fifteen ( 1980 ): fifteen – twenty-eight Bing Beginner ; Renard , Ronald D. , ‘The fresh consolidation from Karen when you look at the north Thai political lifestyle inside 19th century’, when you look at the Anuson Walter Vella , ed. Renard , Ronald D. ( Honolulu : College or university from Hawai’i Force , 1986 ), pp. 229 –48Google Scholar ; and you will Sarasawadee, Reputation for Lanna.
29 According to Keyes , Charles , ‘ Millennialism, Theravada Buddhism, and you will Thai people ‘, Log off Far-eastern Education , 36 , dos ( 1977 ): 283 – 302 Bing Student , signs of the king in addition to Buddha was connected into the rituals and legitimise one another king and you may break the rules Phu Mi Bun or future king. Select as well as Wilson , Constance Meters. , ‘ The newest Holy Guy regarding history of Thailand and you will Laos ‘, Log from The southern part of Far-eastern Training , twenty eight , dos ( 1997 ): 345 –64CrossRefGoogle College student .
Regal states have been segmentary expertise based on tributary and you will wedding associations, which is, personal companies in which rebellion and fragmentation commonly taken place
30 Falla , Jonathan , True love and you will Bartholomew: Rebels on the Burmese border ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Push , 1991 )CrossRefGoogle Beginner . Into the picture of the fresh new orphan, come across Hayami , Yoko , ‘ Karen customs based on Christ otherwise Buddha: Brand new effects away from numerous reinterpretations getting a fraction cultural classification during the Thailand ‘, Diary off The southern part of Asian Training , twenty-seven , dos ( 1996 ): 334 –49CrossRefGoogle Scholar ; having previous Pwo Karen orphan stories, pick Hinton , Elisabeth , Eldest brother’s tale: Stories of your own Pwo Karen ( Chiang Mai : Silkworm Books , 1999 )Yahoo Student .
29 Po , San C. , Burma therefore the Karens ( London : Elliot Inventory , 1928 )Yahoo Beginner . San C. Po is a prominent Karen governmental frontrunner. Hovemyr , Anders , Selecting the Karen king ( Uppsala : Studia Missionaria Uppsaliensia , 1989 )Yahoo Beginner , emphasised the Karen notice-personality as underprivileged orphans, however with a sense of moral superiority. Yet not, his supply are primarily missionary texts, ultimately causing a relatively biased translation.
Gravers , Mikael ( Copenhagen : NIAS Press , 2007 ), pp
thirty two This new poems had been trans. by missionary Mason , Francis and you can printed in ‘ Way of life of your own Karen ‘, Baptist Missionary Magazine (Missionary Register) , fourteen ( 1834 ): 382 –93Google Scholar ; and in Mason , Ellen B. , Civilizing slope men ( London area : James Nisbet & Co , 1862 )Google Student . My emphasis.
33 Get a hold of Gravers , , ‘Cosmology, prophets and you can rebellion’, and you may ‘Transformation and identity: The forming of Karen cultural label within the Burma’, in the Examining cultural diversity in Burma , ed. 227 –58Google Beginner , having a serious investigations of missionary interpretations out of Karen cosmology.
34 With the basics, see Aung-Thwin , Michael , ‘Divinity, soul, human: Conceptions away from ancient Burmese kingship’, for the Stores, signs, and hierarchies: Essays to the ancient claims out of The kissbrides.com see here now southern area of Asia , ed. Gesick , Lorraine ( The new Refuge : Yale College Southeast China Studies , Monograph twenty-six, 1983 )Google College student . Getting a superb dialogue of your mandala design, come across Chutintaranond , Sunait , Towards both parties of the Tenasserim range: Reputation of Siamese Burmese affairs ( Bangkok : Chulalongkorn College or university, Institute away from Far-eastern Training , Monograph 50, 1995 )Google Student .
35 There are some most other denominations for the Burma and you may Thailand founded on the same details but with ritual distinctions such as for instance Du Wae, Lu Wa and you may Wi Maung. See Tight, ‘Ariya plus the Wonderful Book’; Gravers, ‘Cosmology, prophets and rebellion’; Andersen , Kirsten Ewers , ‘ A couple of indigenous Karen spiritual denominations ‘, Visitors , 23 ( 1981 ): 251 –61Google College student ; Yoko Hayami, ‘Stupas and you will wedding vows: Buddhist and you can sectarian practices for the Karen state’ (Kyoto: University from Kyoto, CSEAS Operating paper zero. 8, G-COR show six, 2008), p. 35; and you may Kwanchewan, ‘Emails from contestation’. On Talakhoung (Ta-la-ku) movement, find Buadaeng , Kwanchewan , ‘Design and you can maintaining this new Ta-la-ku society: The newest Karen over the Thai–Myanmar border’, into the Imagining communities inside Thailand: Ethnographic methods , ed. Tanabe , Shigeharu ( Chiang Mai : Mekong Force , 2008 ), pp. 83 – 106 Bing Beginner .
Deixe uma resposta
Quer juntar-se a discussão?Sinta-se à vontade para contribuir!